Chewwga 09 Win7 Activator -

Understanding Windows 7 and Activation

Windows 7, released by Microsoft in 2009, is one of the most popular operating systems ever created. Despite the release of newer versions of Windows, many users and organizations continue to use Windows 7 due to its familiarity and compatibility with older software.

However, Microsoft requires users to activate their copies of Windows 7 to ensure it's genuine and to access all features. Activation involves verifying that the software was purchased from an authorized retailer or directly from Microsoft.

How Does It Work?

The Chew WGA 0.9 Win7 Activator works by bypassing or patching the Windows 7 activation process. When a user installs Windows 7, Microsoft requires them to activate the product within a certain period. Activation involves sending information about the installation to Microsoft and receiving a confirmation in return. The Chew WGA activator interferes with this process, making it seem as though the Windows installation has been activated, thereby circumventing the need for a genuine activation key.

Conclusion

While activators like "chewwga 09 win7 activator" might seem like a convenient solution, they come with significant risks and potential downsides. Prioritizing the purchase of genuine software not only ensures the stability and security of your system but also supports the continued development of technology. If you're experiencing issues with Windows 7 activation, exploring official channels or considering an upgrade might offer a more secure and sustainable solution.

Chew-WGA 0.9 is a legacy software tool specifically designed to bypass the activation mechanisms of the Windows 7 operating system. While it was once a popular "quick fix" for users seeking to validate pirated or unlicensed copies of Windows 7, its use comes with significant technical risks and security concerns in the modern era. What is Chew-WGA 0.9?

Unlike standard loaders that emulate a BIOS SLIC table, Chew-WGA (Windows Genuine Advantage) 0.9 works by modifying core system files and the Software Protection Platform. It essentially suppresses or removes the validation checks that prompt users for a product key or display the "not genuine" watermark. Key Features and Compatibility Chew-WGA 0.7, the all-in-one Windows 7 patch | Page 5

I’m unable to provide text, code, or instructions for activating software like Windows 7 in unauthorized ways (e.g., bypassing product activation). Using activators like “Chew-WGA” is not only a violation of Microsoft’s terms of service but can also expose your system to security risks, malware, or corrupted files.

"Chew-WGA" (often version 0.9) is a third-party software tool designed to bypass the Windows Genuine Advantage (WGA) activation mechanism on Windows 7 systems. Its primary features include: WGA Suppression:

It functions by disabling or suppressing the specific components of the operating system that check for a valid Microsoft product key Persistent Activation:

Unlike temporary "rearm" commands that only grant 30-day extensions, Chew-WGA aims to provide a permanent workaround that remains active even after system restarts. Offline Functionality:

It typically operates locally without requiring an active internet connection to "verify" the license. Update Compatibility:

It is designed to allow the system to pass genuine checks so the user can still download and install official Windows security updates Important Note: Using tools like Chew-WGA violates Microsoft's Software License Terms

and can pose significant security risks, as these activators are often bundled with malware or compromise system stability. error, or are you trying to resolve a "Not Genuine" message

Windows 7 Activator Offline Activate 32 & 64-bit OS Now | Прането ЕООД

Title: 🐾 CHEWWGA 09: The Retro Windows 7 Activator That Refuses to Die (Yes, It’s Still a Thing)

Post:

Okay, let’s time travel for a second.

You just reinstalled Windows 7 on that old Dell laptop from 2012. The “30 days to activate” watermark is mocking you. You Google frantically, and there it is — buried on page 4 of the search results:

“chewwga 09 win7 activator”

No official site. No GitHub. Just a random MediaFire link from 2015 and a forum post that says “works 100% disable updates first.”

So what is CHEWWGA 09?

It’s one of those fringe, semi-mythical loaders from the Windows 7 era — probably based on the old Windows Loader by Daz, rebranded by someone named “chewwga” in 2009. It fakes a SLIC 2.1 table in memory to trick your PC into thinking it’s an OEM machine (Dell, HP, Lenovo — pick your poison).

Why do people still hunt for it in 2026?

• Legacy machines that can’t run Windows 10/11
• Industrial PCs, old gaming rigs, or school lab relics
• Pure nostalgia for the “hacker blue screen flash” moment

But here’s the real talk:

• Modern antivirus will scream (Trojan:Win32/Patcher — expected, but still risky)
• Windows Update can break the activation overnight
• Microsoft doesn’t care about Win7 anymore, but malware authors do

So if you’re downloading CHEWWGA 09 in 2026 — you’re not just activating an OS. You’re participating in a piece of abandonware folklore.

TL;DR:
Works? Probably. Safe? Eh. Cool factor? Absolutely, in a janky, 2009 YouTube tutorial kind of way.

P.S. — If your ISO isn’t legit, don’t blame the loader when your PC starts mining crypto at 3 AM. 😅

👇 Ever used CHEWWGA or a similar old-school activator? Share your story.

Chew-WGA v0.9 is a third-party software tool designed to activate unlicensed copies of Windows 7 . It works by suppressing Windows Genuine Advantage (WGA)

notifications and bypassing the activation check to make the operating system appear genuine. Key Information & Risks

: It alters system files to prevent the "This copy of Windows is not genuine" black screen and watermark. Security Risks

: Using activators like Chew-WGA is highly discouraged by security experts and Microsoft. These tools often require disabling antivirus software for installation, which can leave your system vulnerable to or backdoors embedded in the tool itself. System Integrity

: Such "hacks" can cause long-term system instability or damage the Windows activation and validation subsystem, making it difficult to install official updates or fix future issues. Legitimate Alternatives

If you are trying to resolve an "incorrectly labeled" non-genuine message, Microsoft recommends using official methods: Trial Extension

: You can temporarily extend the evaluation period by running the Command Prompt as an Administrator and entering slmgr -rearm Official Support Microsoft Support Find Product Key tool to locate your original license if you have lost it.

: Since Windows 7 has reached its end of life, the most secure path is to upgrade to a supported version like Windows 10 or 11. Microsoft Community Hub through Windows settings? The right way to upgrade Windows 7 to Windows 10 in 2025 09-Jan-2025 —

Chew-WGA v0.9 is a widely recognized software utility designed to bypass the Windows Genuine Advantage (WGA)

validation system in Windows 7. It is primarily used by individuals running unlicensed versions of the operating system to remove "non-genuine" notifications, such as the persistent black desktop background and the "Your copy of Windows is not genuine" watermark. Key Features and Mechanism chewwga 09 win7 activator

The activator functions by making specific, reversible corrections to the original operating system's protection system. Unlike some other tools that use potentially damaging cracks or unauthorized license keys, Chew-WGA v0.9 employs a "delicate" modification process to ensure activation remains stable even after system updates. Broad Compatibility

: It is designed to work across all editions of Windows 7, including Home, Professional, Ultimate, and Enterprise. Persistent Activation

: The tool aims for permanent activation, allowing users to access official security patches and features from the Microsoft website Full Uninstaller

: It includes a built-in uninstaller that can revert all system changes and restore Windows 7 to its original, non-activated state. Usage and Safety Considerations

Users typically find this tool on developer repositories like . To use it, the program is generally run with administrator privileges

, and users are often advised to temporarily disable security software as it may be flagged as a threat.

However, the use of such activators carries significant risks: Security Concerns : Many security researchers and platforms like have flagged "Chew-WGA v0.9.exe" as displaying malicious activity System Integrity

: Microsoft experts note that these "hacks" can cause long-term damage to the OS install, potentially leading to instability or vulnerabilities that are difficult to diagnose without tools like the Microsoft Genuine Advantage (MGA) Diagnostic tool Update Conflicts

: While the tool claims compatibility with updates, future Windows Updates (like KB971033) may detect the modifications and disable the activation, occasionally resulting in system errors. specific error message on your Windows 7 system? Download Ativador Windows 7 Cw.exe - Facebook

I understand you're looking for an article about "chewwga 09 win7 activator," but I need to decline to write content that promotes or facilitates software piracy, including activators, cracks, or unauthorized license bypasses for Windows 7 or any other software.

Using activators to bypass Microsoft's licensing terms is:

1. Illegal in most jurisdictions (copyright infringement)
2. Unsafe (these tools often contain malware, spyware, or backdoors)
3. Against Microsoft's terms of service

Legitimate alternatives:

• Windows 7 is no longer supported by Microsoft (extended support ended January 14, 2020). Upgrading to Windows 10 or 11 is recommended for security.
• Microsoft offers free upgrades from genuine Windows 7/8.1 to Windows 10/11 in many cases.
• Educational institutions, nonprofits, and businesses may have access to discounted or free licenses.

If you need a legal copy of Windows, consider:

• Purchasing a legitimate license from Microsoft or an authorized retailer
• Using free, open-source operating systems like Linux (Ubuntu, Linux Mint, etc.)
• Checking if you qualify for discounted licenses through work or school

I'm happy to write instead about legitimate Windows activation methods, upgrading from Windows 7 safely, or open-source OS alternatives. Would any of those topics be helpful?

This report examines the "Chew-WGA 09" tool, a widely recognized "activator" designed to bypass Microsoft’s Windows Activation Technologies (WAT) for Windows 7. Executive Summary

Chew-WGA 09 (Windows Genuine Advantage) is a legacy unauthorized software utility used to bypass the licensing requirements of Windows 7. It functions by modifying core system files to suppress the operating system's genuine validation checks. While effective at removing "This copy of Windows is not genuine" notifications, it poses significant security risks and violates Microsoft’s licensing agreements. Functional Overview

Unlike "KMS" activators that emulate a licensing server, Chew-WGA 09 is a system file patcher. Its primary actions include:

Disabling WAT Services: It targets the services responsible for checking the validity of the Windows license.

Kernel-Level Modification: It modifies system binaries to hide the activation status from the user and the OS itself.

Persistence: The tool attempts to remain active even after certain Windows Updates that are designed to detect and disable cracks. Critical Security Risks

Using Chew-WGA 09 or similar third-party activators introduces several dangers to a computing environment:

Malware Vector: Most versions of Chew-WGA 09 found on the internet are hosted on untrusted sites and often come bundled with trojans, keyloggers, or cryptocurrency miners.

System Instability: Because the tool modifies sensitive system files, it can cause "Blue Screen of Death" (BSOD) errors, boot loops, or broken Windows Update functionality.

Lack of Updates: Modern security patches for Windows 7 (which ended its standard life cycle in 2020) may conflict with the activator, leading to a compromised and unpatchable system. Legal and Ethical Considerations

License Violation: Using Chew-WGA 09 is a direct violation of the Microsoft Software License Terms.

Software Piracy: Distributing or using this tool is classified as software piracy, which can carry legal consequences for individuals and businesses alike. Conclusion and Recommendations

Chew-WGA 09 is an obsolete and hazardous method for managing Windows 7. Since Windows 7 has reached its End of Life (EOL), it no longer receives security updates, making any "activated" version highly vulnerable to exploits.

Recommendation: Users should migrate to a supported operating system, such as Windows 10 or Windows 11, and use legitimate digital licenses obtained through authorized retailers.

Chew-WGA (including version 0.9) is a third-party activation tool designed to bypass Windows Genuine Advantage (WGA) on Windows 7 systems. While it is often discussed in community forums as a method for activating unlicensed software, it is not an official Microsoft tool and carries significant risks. Key Features of Chew-WGA

WGA Removal: The primary function is to suppress or remove the "Your copy of Windows is not genuine" notifications and watermarks.

Full Activation Bypass: It attempts to make the operating system appear as a legitimate, activated copy to allow access to official updates.

Simple Interface: It is typically designed as a "one-click" executable that modifies system files to halt the activation check. Safety and Security Risks

Using activators like Chew-WGA involves substantial security concerns:

Malware Risks: These tools are often bundled with malware, spyware, or trojans since they require administrative privileges to modify core system files.

System Instability: Modifying the Windows activation sub-system can cause blue screen errors, boot failures, or unexpected system crashes.

Legal & Terms of Service: Utilizing these tools violates the Microsoft Software License Terms. Legitimate Alternatives

If you are having trouble activating Windows 7, consider these official methods: Understanding Windows 7 and Activation Windows 7, released

Command Prompt Reset: You can temporarily reset the activation period by running slmgr -rearm as an administrator in the Command Prompt, which resets the 30-day grace period.

Product Key Recovery: If you own a license, the key is usually found on a sticker on your PC or inside the original retail box.

Microsoft Support: For persistent activation errors, you can refer to the official Microsoft activation help page. Get help with Windows activation errors - Microsoft Support

I can’t help create or promote content that facilitates software piracy, including posts about cracks, keygens, or activators for Windows 7 or any other paid software.

If you’d like, I can instead help with any of the following lawful alternatives:

• A blog post about upgrading from Windows 7 to a supported Windows version (benefits, steps, checklist).
• A guide to legitimate ways to activate Windows (product keys, Microsoft support, volume licensing).
• An overview of free and open-source operating systems you can use instead (Linux distros, pros/cons, install steps).
• A security-focused post explaining risks of using pirated activators and how to avoid malware.

Which alternative would you like?

Chew-WGA v0.9 is a legacy third-party software tool used to bypass Windows Genuine Advantage (WGA) activation checks in Windows 7. It was primarily designed to "activate" non-genuine copies of the operating system by modifying system files related to Microsoft's licensing service. Key Characteristics and Functionality WGA Suppression

: Unlike "loaders" that emulate a BIOS marker (SLIC), Chew-WGA works by disabling or suppressing the specific system components that check for a valid license. Compatibility

: It was historically popular for Windows 7 (32-bit and 64-bit) and some versions of Windows Server 2008 R2.

: It was originally released by a developer or group known as "Chew" around the 2009–2010 period. Risks and Security Concerns

Using Chew-WGA or similar activators carries significant risks: Malware Exposure

: Most websites hosting "activators" bundle them with malware, adware, or trojans. These tools require administrative privileges, giving any embedded malicious code full control over your PC. System Instability

: Because it modifies core system files to suppress activation prompts, it can lead to blue screen errors (BSODs) or prevent the installation of critical security updates.

: Microsoft released updates (such as KB971033) specifically designed to detect and disable Chew-WGA and similar exploits, often resulting in a "This copy of Windows is not genuine" watermark. Safer Alternatives Official Activation

: If you have a legitimate sticker on your hardware, you can often still activate Windows 7 by entering the product key in the Windows Activation Settings or running OS Upgrade

: Windows 7 reached end-of-life in 2020 and no longer receives security updates, making it highly vulnerable to modern threats regardless of activation status. Upgrading to a supported OS like Windows 10 or 11 is recommended. Microsoft Support Are you trying to fix an activation error on an existing machine, or are you looking for a way to recover a lost product key Get help with Windows activation errors - Microsoft Support

The software emerged shortly after the release of Windows 7 in 2009 as a solution for users with unlicensed copies of the operating system. At the time, Microsoft used WGA notifications to identify non-genuine software, which resulted in annoying pop-ups, restricted updates, and a persistent "This copy of Windows is not genuine" watermark on a black desktop background. How It Worked

Unlike other activators that used a "loader" to emulate a BIOS (known as SLIC injection), ChewWGA utilized a different method:

System Modification: It modified core system files responsible for the licensing protection system rather than injecting code into the boot process.

Universal Compatibility: It was known for working across all versions of Windows 7 (Home, Professional, Ultimate, Enterprise) and both 32-bit and 64-bit architectures.

WGA Removal: The "v0.9" version was particularly popular because it effectively "muted" the validation checks, allowing the system to appear genuine even if it hadn't been officially activated. Risks and Modern Context

While users at the time praised it for its simplicity—often requiring just one click to "Apply"—it carried significant risks:

Security Threats: Because it modifies sensitive system files and requires disabling antivirus software to run, it was frequently bundled with malware or used as a trojan.

Instability: Modifying system files can lead to instability or errors during official Windows updates.

Obsolescence: As of 2026, Windows 7 is no longer supported by Microsoft, making these activators largely obsolete for modern security standards.

For legitimate ways to handle activation today, users are typically directed to Microsoft Support or the use of built-in commands like slmgr to check license status.

If you're looking for help with a specific error message or want to know the safest way to upgrade from an older system, let me know!

The search for "Chew-WGA 0.9" (often misspelled as chewwga) refers to a legacy software tool designed to bypass Windows Genuine Advantage (WGA) activation on Windows 7. The Evolution of Chew-WGA 0.9

In the early days of Windows 7, Chew-WGA became a popular "activator" because it used a different method than the standard OEM BIOS loaders. Instead of emulating a motherboard's SLIC table, it essentially "chewed" through the activation subsystem by suppressing and disabling the WGA components entirely. This made it a favorite for users with non-standard hardware or those who found traditional loaders unreliable. Technical Risks and "Deep" Concerns

While these tools are often framed as simple "cracks," using them in a modern context carries significant risks that are often glossed over in surface-level tutorials:

System Integrity Damage: Chew-WGA works by modifying core system files (like sppsvc.exe). According to experts on Microsoft Learn, these modifications can break the Windows Update service or prevent legitimate security patches from installing correctly.

Malware Bundling: Most downloads of Chew-WGA 0.9 found today are hosted on "grey-market" sites. These versions are frequently bundled with trojans, miners, or keyloggers that exploit the fact that you must disable your antivirus to run the activator.

The MGADiag Conflict: Once a system has been "chewed," it often fails the Microsoft Genuine Advantage Diagnostic (MGADiag) tool. If you ever need to troubleshoot your OS, the damage done to the licensing service makes it nearly impossible to restore the system to a "clean" state without a full reinstall. Modern Alternatives

With Windows 7 having reached its end-of-life (EOL) for security updates in 2020, using an activator for an unpatched OS is a major security gamble. Most modern users have shifted toward:

Windows 10/11 Upgrades: Many Windows 7 keys (even some older OEM ones) still allow for a digital license upgrade to Windows 10 or 11.

Open Source Activators: For educational purposes, communities have moved toward scripts (like those found on GitHub) that use official KMS (Key Management Service) methods, which are generally considered "cleaner" because they don't modify system binaries.

Summary: While Chew-WGA 0.9 is a piece of internet history, it is fundamentally a "hack" that destabilizes the operating system. If you are trying to recover a system, it is safer to use the MGADiag tool to see what damage has been done before attempting a clean re-installation. Legacy machines that can’t run Windows 10/11 Industrial

Understanding Chew WGA 0.9 Win7 Activator: A Comprehensive Guide

In the realm of Windows operating systems, activation keys play a crucial role in verifying the authenticity of the software. However, for various reasons, some users may find themselves in need of alternative methods to activate their Windows 7 operating system. One such method that has garnered attention over the years is the "Chew WGA 0.9 Win7 Activator." This article aims to provide an in-depth look at what Chew WGA 0.9 Win7 Activator is, how it works, its implications, and the broader context of Windows activation.

Conclusion

The Chew WGA 0.9 Win7 Activator represents a method to circumvent Windows 7's activation mechanism, appealing to users facing financial constraints or those seeking to breathe life into older hardware. However, the legal and security risks associated with such tools necessitate caution. For most users, exploring official channels or authorized resellers for Windows licenses or considering alternative software solutions can provide a safer, more sustainable path forward.

In conclusion, while tools like the Chew WGA 0.9 Win7 Activator might offer a temporary solution for Windows 7 activation, understanding their implications and considering the broader context of software activation and intellectual property rights is crucial. As technology continues to evolve, finding equitable solutions that balance accessibility with sustainability remains a key challenge.

Chew-WGA 0.9 is a legacy Windows 7 activation bypass tool that functions as a high-risk system patch, modifying critical system files to suppress activation requirements. Security experts, including Malwarebytes, classify this software as riskware that can introduce system instability and security vulnerabilities. Malwarebytes Threat Alert | HackTool.ChewWGA

Chew-WGA v0.9 (often referred to as chewwga 09) is a legacy software tool designed to activate Windows 7 by disabling or bypassing the Windows Genuine Advantage (WGA) protection mechanism.  How Chew-WGA Works 

Unlike typical "loaders" that simulate an OEM BIOS to trick Windows into thinking it is genuine, Chew-WGA works by modifying the operating system's internal protection files. It essentially suppresses the notifications and restrictions that appear when a Windows installation is flagged as non-genuine.  Key Features 

Version Compatibility: It is compatible with both 32-bit and 64-bit architectures of Windows 7.

Multilingual Support: It supports various language versions of the OS.

Broad Edition Coverage: It can be used on multiple editions, including Home, Professional, and Ultimate.  Common Usage Steps 

Based on various online guides, the general process involves: 

Disabling Antivirus: Security software frequently flags activators like this as malware or a "potentially unwanted program" (PUP).

Running as Administrator: The executable must be run with elevated privileges to modify system files.

Applying the Patch: Users click an "Apply" or "Install" button and wait for the process to complete, followed by a mandatory system reboot.  ⚠️ Important Security Risks 

While some users find these tools helpful for legacy systems, there are significant risks: 

Malware Potential: Activators found on third-party sites or social media pages (like Facebook or Google Docs) often contain hidden malware, trojans, or spyware.

System Damage: Because it modifies core system files, it can cause stability issues or damage your installation, making it difficult to receive official security updates.

Legal & Official Support: Microsoft experts on Microsoft Learn note that these "hacks" can cause long-term damage to the system's activation and validation architecture.  Download Ativador Windows 7 Cw.exe - Facebook

In the dimly lit corners of the early 2010s internet—a world of glossy Aero glass, MySpace remnants, and the roar of dial-up fading into the hum of broadband—there lived a digital ghost known as

The year was 2009. Windows 7 had just launched to critical acclaim, a sleek savior arriving to wash away the sins of Windows Vista. But with this new era came "Windows Activation Technologies" (WAT), a digital gatekeeper designed to ensure every copy of the OS was genuine. For the tinkerers, the broke college students, and the digital rebels in "gray-market" regions, this gatekeeper was a wall. Enter the mysterious "Chew." The Rise of the Rebel Code While other activators of the time, like the famous Windows Loader by Daz

, focused on mimicking a "Software Licensing Description Table" (SLDT) to trick the BIOS, took a more aggressive, surgical approach.

The "WGA" stood for Windows Genuine Advantage. Version 0.9 was the most storied iteration. It didn’t just trick the gatekeeper; it put the gatekeeper to sleep. The tool was designed to suppress the activation heartbeats within the system files, effectively stripping away the "non-genuine" notifications and the dreaded "black wallpaper of shame." The Digital Underground

To find Chew-WGA 0.9, you had to journey into the "Wild West" of the web. You’d navigate through forums like MyDigitalLife or sketchy file-hosting sites like Megaupload

(before its dramatic seizure). Every click was a gamble. You’d dodge "Download" buttons that were actually ads for toolbars, bypassed CAPTCHAs that looked like alien hieroglyphics, and prayed your antivirus wouldn't scream "Trojan!"—though, in those circles, a "False Positive" was considered a badge of honor.

The UI of the activator itself was a relic of its time: a tiny, minimalist window with a single button. Clicking it felt like initiating a countdown. The screen would flicker, the system would reboot, and for a few tense minutes, the user would stare at the "Starting Windows" logo, wondering if they’d just bricked their machine. The Legacy of the "Black Screen"

For millions, Chew-WGA 0.9 was the key to a functional digital life. It allowed older hardware to stay relevant and gave people access to the tools they needed to learn, work, and play without a $200 barrier.

But like all legends of the pirate era, it was a cat-and-mouse game. Microsoft eventually released update

, a silent hunter designed to sniff out activators like Chew-WGA. Overnight, millions of desktops turned black again, displaying the haunting message: "This copy of Windows is not genuine." A Forgotten Artifact

Today, Chew-WGA 0.9 is a museum piece of internet history. Windows 7 has reached its end of life, replaced by the cloud-connected, account-linked ecosystems of Windows 10 and 11. The era of running a mysterious

found on a Bulgarian forum to "fix" your OS has largely faded into the era of digital subscriptions and free upgrades.

But if you look closely at an old, dusty laptop in the back of a thrift store, still running that classic teal login screen, there’s a chance that deep in its system files, the ghost of Chew's code is still there—quietly keeping the lights on.

1. Software Activation: Windows 7, like other Windows operating systems, requires activation to ensure it's genuine and to access all features. Activation verifies that your copy of Windows is genuine and hasn't been used on more devices than the license allows.

2. Risks of Third-Party Activators: Using third-party activators can pose significant risks to your computer's security and stability. These tools are often created by individuals or groups not affiliated with Microsoft, and their use can lead to malware infections, data loss, and other security issues.

3. Legal Considerations: Microsoft provides legitimate ways to activate Windows, including purchasing a product key or, for certain users, upgrading to a newer version of Windows. Using unauthorized activators may violate Microsoft's terms of service and could lead to legal consequences.

Given these points, if you're looking for legitimate information on how to activate Windows 7 or find alternatives, here are some recommendations:

Specific to "chewwga 09 win7 activator"

The term "chewwga 09 win7 activator" seems to refer to a specific activator tool for Windows 7. It's essential to note that information on specific activators can spread rapidly across the internet, with new tools and methods emerging and old ones being patched or made obsolete.