The Japanese Chart Of Charts By Seiki Shimizu Pdf =link= May 2026

In his book, " The Japanese Chart of Charts ," Seiki Shimizu emphasizes the "Divine Power of the Number Three" as a foundational feature of Japanese market analysis.

This "rule of three" is not just a single pattern but a recurring structural theme that governs many of the book's core technical concepts:

Sakata Rules (Sakata Gogyo): The book explores these legendary methods, which are built around five "three-based" patterns: Three Mountains (Triple Tops), Three Rivers (Triple Bottoms), Three Gaps, Three Parallel Lines, and Three Methods (rest periods).

Triadic Market Phases: Shimizu outlines that most trends consist of three distinct phases or gaps, suggesting that after the third occurrence, a trend is often exhausted and ripe for a reversal.

Triple-Candle Formations: Many of the high-probability reversal signals detailed, such as the Morning Star or Evening Star, require exactly three specific candles to confirm a shift in market psychology.

Cultural Context: Unlike Western analysis, which focuses on mathematical indicators, Shimizu’s work treats the number three as a symbol of balance and completion, rooted in traditional Japanese belief systems.

By mastering this "feature" of three, traders learn to identify the natural rhythm and exhaustion points of market cycles, moving beyond simple visual patterns to understand the underlying sentiment. The Japanese chart of charts by Seiki Shimizu | Goodreads

The Japanese Chart of Charts by Seiki Shimizu is a seminal text in the world of technical analysis, recognized as one of the first English guides to introduce Japanese candlestick charting to the Western world. Originally published in Tokyo, it translates centuries of traditional Japanese trading wisdom into a format accessible for modern commodity and equity markets. Amazon.com Key Content Overview

The book is structured to guide readers from the basic philosophy of charting to advanced pattern recognition: Philosophical Approach

: Shimizu begins by framing charts as a "sumo wrestling scoreboard," emphasizing that they illustrate the history and "whiskers" of market sentiment rather than just raw figures. The Power of Three

: A recurring theme is the divine significance of the number three in Japanese culture, which translates into critical market patterns such as Three Mountains Three Rivers Three Gaps Three Trends Practical Construction

: It provides detailed instructions on the physical act of drawing charts, including using specific paper that moves right to left and adjusting vertical scales for accuracy. Technical Patterns

: The text provides deep dives into reversal and continuation patterns that identify market turning points and shifts in supply and demand. Book Specifications Seiki Shimizu Original Publication Tokyo Futures Trading Publishing Co. (1986) Common Edition Published by Sterling Book House Page Count Approximately 206–228 pages English (Translated) Why It Matters

Before Steve Nison popularized candlesticks in the 1990s, Shimizu's work served as a "Bible" for the technique. The author was notably awarded the Blue Ribbon Medal

by the Japanese Emperor for his significant contributions to the commodity futures industry. Amazon.com

While physical copies are often sought by collectors on sites like

, the text remains a foundation for understanding the psychological and emotional factors at play in price movements. specific candlestick patterns

mentioned in the book, such as the "Three Mountains" or "Three Rivers"? The Japanese chart of charts - Amazon.com

The Japanese Chart of Charts: Unlocking the Trading Wisdom of Seiki Shimizu

The Japanese Chart of Charts by Seiki Shimizu is widely regarded as one of the first and most influential books to bring the centuries-old art of Japanese candlestick charting to the English-speaking world. Published in the mid-1980s, this work serves as a foundational text for modern technical analysis, bridging the gap between ancient Japanese rice market strategies and contemporary financial markets. Historical Significance and the Rise of Candlesticks

Before candlestick charts became a standard feature on every trading platform, they were a closely guarded secret of Japanese traders dating back to the 17th-century rice markets.

The Author’s Legacy: Seiki Shimizu was a prominent figure in the Japanese commodity futures industry and was even awarded the Blue Ribbon Medal by the Japanese Emperor for his contributions.

A "Bible" for Traders: Often called the "Japanese Bible of candlesticks," the book is a translation of a Japanese classic that meticulously explains how these charts capture market psychology and the battle between buyers and sellers.

Bridging West and East: While Steve Nison is often credited with popularizing the technique in the 1990s, Shimizu’s work, first published in English around 1986, laid the critical groundwork. Core Concepts and Methodology

Shimizu’s book goes beyond simple pattern recognition, offering a deep dive into the philosophy and construction of Japanese charts. The Japanese chart of charts - Amazon.com

Book details * Print length. 206 pages. * Language. English. * Publisher. Tokyo Futures Trading Publishing Co. * Publication date. Amazon.com

An Introduction to Japanese Candlesticks Course - TraderMade

The Japanese Chart Of Charts By Seiki Shimizu Pdf: A Comprehensive Guide to Technical Analysis

The world of technical analysis is vast and complex, with numerous tools and techniques used to analyze and predict market trends. Among the many resources available to traders and investors, one book stands out as a seminal work in the field: "The Japanese Chart of Charts" by Seiki Shimizu. This article will provide an in-depth look at this influential book, its author, and the valuable insights it offers to those seeking to master technical analysis.

Introduction to Seiki Shimizu and His Work

Seiki Shimizu is a renowned Japanese technical analyst and author, best known for his work on candlestick charting and other Japanese charting techniques. Born in Japan, Shimizu has spent his career studying and developing technical analysis methods, with a particular focus on the unique approaches used in Japan. His expertise in this field has led to the creation of several influential books, including "The Japanese Chart of Charts," which has become a classic in the world of technical analysis.

Overview of "The Japanese Chart of Charts"

First published in Japan, "The Japanese Chart of Charts" has been widely acclaimed for its comprehensive coverage of Japanese charting techniques, which are considered some of the most powerful and effective methods in technical analysis. The book provides readers with a detailed guide to understanding and applying these techniques, which can be used to analyze various financial markets, including stocks, forex, and commodities.

Key Concepts and Techniques

"The Japanese Chart of Charts" covers a wide range of topics, including: The Japanese Chart Of Charts By Seiki Shimizu Pdf

  1. Candlestick Charting: Shimizu explains the principles and applications of candlestick charting, a technique that originated in Japan and has become a staple of technical analysis worldwide. Candlestick charts provide a unique visual representation of market price action, allowing traders to identify patterns and trends.
  2. Reversal and Continuation Patterns: The book details various reversal and continuation patterns, including the famous " Three-Line Strike" and "On-Neck" patterns. These patterns can be used to identify potential trend reversals or continuations.
  3. Support and Resistance: Shimizu discusses the importance of support and resistance levels in technical analysis, demonstrating how to identify and apply these concepts using Japanese charting techniques.
  4. Chart Types: The book covers various chart types, including line charts, bar charts, and candlestick charts, providing readers with a comprehensive understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of each.

The Importance of Japanese Charting Techniques

Japanese charting techniques, as presented in "The Japanese Chart of Charts," offer several advantages over Western-style technical analysis. Some of the key benefits include:

  1. Improved Pattern Recognition: Japanese charting techniques, such as candlestick charting, enable traders to identify complex patterns and relationships in market data that may not be apparent using Western methods.
  2. Enhanced Market Understanding: By applying Japanese charting techniques, traders can gain a deeper understanding of market dynamics and sentiment, allowing for more informed trading decisions.
  3. Flexibility and Adaptability: Japanese charting techniques can be applied to various financial markets and time frames, making them a valuable tool for traders and investors.

The PDF Version of "The Japanese Chart of Charts"

For those interested in accessing "The Japanese Chart of Charts" in digital format, a PDF version is available. The PDF version offers several advantages, including:

  1. Convenience: The PDF version allows readers to access the book from anywhere, at any time, using a digital device.
  2. Search and Navigation: The PDF version enables readers to quickly search and navigate the book's contents, making it easier to find specific information and techniques.

Conclusion

"The Japanese Chart of Charts" by Seiki Shimizu is a comprehensive guide to technical analysis, offering readers a unique perspective on Japanese charting techniques and their applications. The book's detailed coverage of candlestick charting, reversal and continuation patterns, and support and resistance levels makes it an invaluable resource for traders and investors seeking to improve their market analysis skills. With the availability of the PDF version, readers can now access this influential book in a convenient digital format.

Recommendations for Traders and Investors

For those interested in mastering technical analysis and improving their trading skills, "The Japanese Chart of Charts" is an essential resource. We recommend:

  1. Reading the book cover-to-cover: To gain a comprehensive understanding of Japanese charting techniques and their applications.
  2. Practicing with real-world examples: Apply the techniques and patterns described in the book to real-world market data to reinforce your understanding.
  3. Using the PDF version as a reference guide: Keep the PDF version handy for quick reference and to review specific techniques and concepts.

By following these recommendations and studying "The Japanese Chart of Charts," traders and investors can gain a deeper understanding of technical analysis and improve their ability to analyze and predict market trends.

Final Thoughts

"The Japanese Chart of Charts" by Seiki Shimizu is a timeless classic in the world of technical analysis. Its comprehensive coverage of Japanese charting techniques and their applications makes it an invaluable resource for traders and investors. With the availability of the PDF version, readers can now access this influential book in a convenient digital format. Whether you are a seasoned trader or just starting out, "The Japanese Chart of Charts" is an essential addition to your library.

The Japanese Chart of Charts by Seiki Shimizu: A Comprehensive Guide to Technical Analysis

The Japanese Chart of Charts, written by Seiki Shimizu, is a highly acclaimed book that provides an in-depth look at the world of technical analysis. Published in 1986, the book has become a classic in the field of finance and is still widely read and studied today. In this write-up, we will explore the key concepts and takeaways from the book, and discuss its relevance in the modern financial landscape.

Introduction to Technical Analysis

Technical analysis is a method of evaluating securities by analyzing statistical patterns and trends in their price movements. It is based on the idea that market prices reflect all available information, and that by studying charts and patterns, investors can make informed decisions about future price movements. The Japanese Chart of Charts is a comprehensive guide to technical analysis, focusing on the use of charts to predict market trends.

Key Concepts

The book covers a wide range of technical analysis concepts, including:

  1. Candlestick Charts: Shimizu is credited with popularizing the use of candlestick charts, which are a type of chart that originated in Japan. Candlestick charts provide a visual representation of price movements, showing the open, high, low, and close prices for a given period.
  2. Chart Patterns: The book covers various chart patterns, including reversals, continuations, and consolidation patterns. Shimizu provides detailed explanations of each pattern, along with examples and illustrations.
  3. Trend Analysis: Shimizu emphasizes the importance of trend analysis in technical analysis. He provides techniques for identifying trends, determining trend direction, and measuring trend strength.
  4. Support and Resistance: The book discusses the concepts of support and resistance, which are essential in technical analysis. Shimizu explains how to identify these levels and use them to make trading decisions.

The Japanese Chart of Charts

The book's title refers to a specific type of chart that Shimizu developed, which combines multiple chart patterns and techniques into a single chart. This chart is designed to provide a comprehensive view of market trends and patterns, allowing investors to make more informed trading decisions.

Relevance in Modern Financial Markets

The Japanese Chart of Charts remains a highly relevant book in modern financial markets. While the book was written over 30 years ago, its concepts and techniques are still widely used today. In fact, many modern technical analysis tools, such as candlestick charts and trend analysis, owe a debt to Shimizu's work.

The book's insights and techniques can be applied to various financial markets, including stocks, forex, futures, and cryptocurrencies. Investors and traders can use the book's concepts to:

  1. Improve their chart-reading skills: By studying the book's charts and patterns, investors can develop a better understanding of market trends and make more informed trading decisions.
  2. Develop a trading strategy: Shimizu's book provides a framework for developing a trading strategy based on technical analysis.
  3. Enhance their market analysis: The book's concepts and techniques can be used to analyze market trends, identify potential trading opportunities, and manage risk.

Conclusion

The Japanese Chart of Charts by Seiki Shimizu is a timeless classic in the field of technical analysis. The book's comprehensive guide to chart patterns, trend analysis, and support and resistance remains highly relevant in modern financial markets. Investors and traders can benefit from Shimizu's insights and techniques, which can be applied to various financial markets. Whether you are a seasoned trader or just starting out, The Japanese Chart of Charts is an essential read for anyone looking to improve their technical analysis skills.

Pdf Availability

For those interested in reading The Japanese Chart of Charts, the book is available in PDF format online. However, readers should ensure that they obtain the PDF from a reputable source, such as a digital library or an online retailer.

Recommendation

The Japanese Chart of Charts is a must-read for anyone interested in technical analysis. The book's clear explanations, detailed charts, and insightful commentary make it an invaluable resource for investors and traders. Whether you are a beginner or an experienced trader, this book is an essential addition to your library.

Seiki Shimizu’s The Japanese Chart of Charts is considered the definitive English-language guide to classical Japanese technical analysis. Originally published in Tokyo, this seminal work bridged the gap between Eastern trading philosophies and Western markets, providing the foundational logic for tools like Candlesticks and Renko charts long before they became digital standards. 🏮 The Legacy of Seiki Shimizu

While Steve Nison is often credited with popularizing candlesticks in the West, Seiki Shimizu provided the deep mathematical and cultural context. Shimizu was a dedicated student of the Japanese markets, translating complex Rice Market theories into a structured methodology. His work focuses on the "psychology of the crowd" and the belief that price action is a reflection of the human soul's reaction to scarcity and abundance. 📈 Core Methodologies in the Book

The "Chart of Charts" is not just about one style of graphing; it is a comprehensive encyclopedia of Japanese price-reading techniques. 1. Candlestick Analysis (Kandle)

Shimizu details the 40+ classic patterns, but unlike modern quick-guides, he explains the why behind them. He categorizes patterns into: Reversal Signals: Doji, Hammer, and Engulfing patterns.

Continuation Signals: The "Three Methods" and rising/falling windows. 2. The Three-Line Break (Sanki)

This is a trend-following technique that ignores time and focuses solely on price movements. It helps traders stay in a trend until a significant reversal—defined by breaking the highs or lows of the previous three lines—occurs. 3. Renko and Kagi Charts In his book, " The Japanese Chart of

These "timeless" charts are central to Shimizu’s teachings. Renko: Focuses on fixed price increments (bricks).

Kagi: Uses vertical lines of varying thickness to show supply and demand shifts. 4. Moving Averages and Cycles

Shimizu integrates Western concepts of moving averages but applies them to Japanese time cycles, emphasizing the importance of the 9, 26, and 52-period observations (which later influenced the Ichimoku Kinko Hyo system). 🧭 Why Traders Seek the PDF

The physical version of The Japanese Chart of Charts is often out of print or sold at a premium as a collector's item. Traders seek the PDF version for several reasons:

Original Illustrations: The book contains hand-drawn charts that illustrate nuances often lost in modern software.

Historical Context: It provides the "Sakata Rules," a set of five trading principles from the 1700s that remain eerily accurate today.

No-Noise Trading: By studying the Renko and Three-Line Break sections, traders learn to filter out the "market noise" that causes overtrading. 💡 Key Takeaways for Modern Traders

If you are studying Shimizu’s work today, focus on these three pillars:

Price is Supreme: Indicators are secondary. If the chart pattern contradicts an oscillator, trust the pattern.

Patience is a Virtue: Many Japanese techniques require waiting for a "confirmed" break, which saves capital during choppy markets.

Market Sentiment: A "long tail" or a "gap" is a window into the fear or greed of the market participants at that exact moment. ⚠️ A Note on Accessing the PDF

While many online libraries and trading forums host digitized versions of Seiki Shimizu's work, ensure you are sourcing from reputable academic or historical archives. The insights within these pages are timeless, offering a "slow-trading" perspective in an era of high-frequency algorithms.

📌 The Japanese Chart of Charts remains the "Old Testament" of technical analysis—essential reading for anyone serious about mastering price action.

To help you apply these concepts to your current trading setup:

Which specific chart type (Renko, Candlestick, or Kagi) are you looking to master?

The Japanese Chart of Charts " by Seiki Shimizu, first published in English in 1986, is widely considered the first Western guide to Japanese candlestick charting techniques. It serves as a foundational resource for understanding the historical and technical roots of Japanese market analysis, predating the more famous works by authors like Steve Nison. Core Technical Concepts

The book provides a comprehensive study of traditional Japanese methods that analyze market psychology and predict price movements. Key methods included are:

Sakata's Five Methods: A historical system based on the principles of Munehisa Homma, focusing on market cycles and five specific chart patterns (San-zan, San-sen, San-ku, San-pei, and San-po).

Three-Line Break Charts: A unique charting style that focuses solely on price action and trend reversals rather than time or volume.

Moving Average and Price Movement Lines: Shimizu provides a detailed analysis of how these basic tools were traditionally used in Japan to supplement daily line charts.

Candlestick Patterns: A deep dive into popular patterns and their interpretations, emphasizing the visual representation of supply, demand, and trader sentiment. Key Themes and Insights

Significance of the Number Three: Shimizu notes that the number three is considered divine and central to Japanese charting (e.g., three trends, three gaps), while the number four is often viewed as unlucky.

Visual Interpretation: Unlike many Western systems that rely heavily on mathematical indicators, this book emphasizes "reading" the market through visual price formations and emotional cues.

Historical Context: It documents how these techniques originated in the 17th-century Japanese rice markets, originally drawn with India ink on Washi paper. Purchasing and Access

As a rare collectible, original editions of the book are often sought by serious traders and historians. The Japanese chart of charts - Amazon.com

Double-tap to zoom. What's it about? First Western guide to Japanese candlestick charts, explaining centuries-old trading methods, Amazon.com The Japanese chart of charts by Seiki Shimizu | Goodreads

Unlocking the Secrets of Technical Analysis: A Deep Dive into "The Japanese Chart of Charts" by Seiki Shimizu

In the world of technical analysis, few books have had as profound an impact as "The Japanese Chart of Charts" by Seiki Shimizu. First published in 1986, this seminal work introduced Western traders to the fascinating world of Japanese candlestick charting, a technique that has been used for centuries in Japan to analyze and predict market trends.

The Author: Seiki Shimizu

Seiki Shimizu, a Japanese trader and technical analyst, wrote "The Japanese Chart of Charts" to share his knowledge of candlestick charting with the Western world. Shimizu's expertise in this field was unparalleled, and his book quickly became a classic in the technical analysis community.

The Book: An Overview

"The Japanese Chart of Charts" is a comprehensive guide to candlestick charting, covering the basics of this unique approach to technical analysis. The book is divided into several sections, each focusing on a specific aspect of candlestick charting:

  1. Introduction to Candlestick Charting: Shimizu explains the history and philosophy behind candlestick charting, highlighting its advantages over traditional Western charting methods.
  2. Basic Candlestick Patterns: The book covers essential candlestick patterns, including hammer, shooting star, and engulfing patterns, providing clear explanations and examples.
  3. Advanced Candlestick Patterns: Shimizu explores more complex patterns, such as the morning star, evening star, and three-line strike.
  4. Candlestick Chart Applications: The author demonstrates how to apply candlestick charting to various markets, including stocks, futures, and currencies.

Key Takeaways

So, what makes "The Japanese Chart of Charts" so valuable to traders and investors? Here are some key takeaways: Candlestick Charting : Shimizu explains the principles and

  1. Unique Perspective: Candlestick charting offers a distinct approach to technical analysis, providing insights that may not be apparent through traditional Western charting methods.
  2. Early Warning Signals: Candlestick patterns can serve as early warning signals for potential trend reversals or continuations, allowing traders to adjust their strategies accordingly.
  3. Improved Market Timing: By mastering candlestick charting, traders can enhance their market timing, making more informed decisions about when to enter or exit trades.

The PDF: A Convenient Resource

For those interested in exploring "The Japanese Chart of Charts" in digital format, a PDF version is available. This convenient resource allows traders to access the book's valuable insights and techniques anywhere, anytime.

Conclusion

"The Japanese Chart of Charts" by Seiki Shimizu is an indispensable resource for anyone interested in technical analysis. By mastering the art of candlestick charting, traders can gain a deeper understanding of market dynamics, improve their market timing, and make more informed investment decisions. Whether you're a seasoned trader or just starting out, this classic book is a must-read.

Download the PDF

To access the PDF version of "The Japanese Chart of Charts," simply search online for a reputable source. As you explore this fascinating world of technical analysis, you'll discover why Shimizu's book remains a timeless classic in the trading community.

Additional Resources

For those interested in further exploring technical analysis and candlestick charting, here are some additional resources:

By combining "The Japanese Chart of Charts" with these additional resources, you'll be well on your way to mastering the art of technical analysis and making more informed investment decisions.

The PDF Experience

Searching for the PDF of this book is common because it is a classic, but there are a few things to consider regarding the digital format:

Key Concepts from the PDF

For those downloading the PDF, specific sections stand out as foundational to modern technical analysis.

Strengths: Why You Should Read It

1. The "Source Code" of Candlesticks Most modern trading books repackage the same dozen patterns (Doji, Hammer, Engulfing). Shimizu goes deeper. He explains the Japanese names and the agricultural psychology behind the patterns. You aren't just learning a shape; you are learning the "story" the market is telling. For example, he delves into the philosophical difference between a "morning star" and an "evening star" in a way that modern glossaries often skip.

2. Focus on "Sakata's Five Methods" While most traders only know candlesticks, Shimizu introduces the broader context of the Sakata's Five Methods (Three Mountains, Three Rivers, Three Gaps, Three Methods, Three Lines). This provides a structural framework for chart reading that goes beyond single candle patterns, offering a more holistic view of market tops and bottoms.

3. Unique Charting Techniques The book discusses variations of the standard candlestick, such as Renko and Kagi charts. While these are available in modern software, reading Shimizu’s original explanation of how they filter out "noise" provides a fresh perspective on why they exist.

4. Price Gaps (Windows) Shimizu offers one of the most detailed treatises on gaps (referred to as "windows" in Japanese charting) available in literature. He categorizes them with high precision, distinguishing between exhaustion gaps and breakaway gaps in a way that is practical for determining stop-loss placement.

2. Major Single-Candle Patterns

| Pattern | Description | Market Meaning | |--------|-------------|----------------| | Spinning Top | Small body, long shadows | Indecision | | Marubozu | No shadows | Strong momentum | | Doji | Open ≈ Close | Reversal or indecision | | Hammer | Small body, long lower shadow | Bullish reversal (downtrend) | | Hanging Man | Same shape as hammer but in uptrend | Bearish reversal | | Shooting Star | Small body, long upper shadow | Bearish reversal (uptrend) | | Inverted Hammer | Small body, long upper shadow (downtrend) | Bullish reversal |

What this is

A classic reference compiling many standard music/chord/scale charts and related tables used by Japanese musicians and arrangers. This guide explains where to look for it, how to use typical contents, and study/practice tips.

Final Recommendation

"The Japanese Chart of Charts" is a 4 out of 5 stars book for the modern trader.

It is not the best book to learn how to trade, but it is arguably the best book to learn how to read charts. If you treat it as a textbook rather than a strategy guide, it is invaluable.

Who should download the PDF?

Who should skip it?

Considered the "Bible" of candlestick charting, The Japanese Chart of Charts

by Seiki Shimizu is the foundational text that first introduced Eastern technical analysis to the Western world in 1986. Review: The Japanese Chart of Charts

This book is a comprehensive guide to Japanese candlestick charting, explaining methods used for centuries in Japanese commodity markets—originally for trading rice. Unlike Western analysis, which often relies on lagging mathematical indicators, Shimizu focuses on market psychology and the visual representation of trader sentiment. Key Concepts & Themes

The Sakata Rules: Explores the legendary "Sakata Five Methods," a series of trading rules based on market phases (San-zan, San-sen, etc.).

Visual Sentiment: Teaches how to read "cat's whiskers"—the wicks of candles—to understand supply, demand, and emotional shifts.

Contextual Trading: Emphasizes that a pattern's meaning changes based on its location relative to previous price action.

Price Formations: Detailed breakdowns of stars, windows, harami, and tweezers as signals for market reversals or continuations. Strengths & Weaknesses

Historical Authority: Offers the purest look at traditional Japanese methods before they were simplified for modern retail trading.

Deep Insight: Provides a more philosophical and psychological approach than modern technical manuals.

High Difficulty: The prose can be dense and technical, making it a "heavy read" for beginners compared to modern guides like Steve Nison's.

Rare/Pricey: Original physical copies are scarce collectibles, often selling for $220 to $500 at retailers like eBay and AbeBooks. Why It Matters Today

💡 While newer books (such as those by Steve Nison) are more accessible, Shimizu’s work remains the ultimate reference for "pure" candlestick analysis. It is best suited for serious traders or collectors who want to understand the deep roots of price action rather than just memorizing patterns.

If you are looking for a PDF version, note that while academic summaries exist on platforms like Academia.edu, the full original text is protected by copyright and primarily available through rare book dealers. If you'd like, I can help you: Go to product viewer dialog for this item. The Japanese Chart Of Charts By Seiki Shimizu


Comparison: Shimizu vs. Steve Nison

This is the most common question traders have.

1. The Sakata Five Methods

Before there were complex combinations of 20 candles, there were the Sakata Methods, attributed to Homma. Shimizu meticulously details these patterns, which form the bedrock of Japanese charting: